Biodiversity Outline Free Essays

I. Presentation a. In the course of recent decades, solid logical proof has risen indicating that loss of the world’s organic decent variety lessens the efficiency and manageability of common biological systems and diminishes their capacity to give society merchandise and enterprises like food, wood, grain, fruitful soils, and insurance from bugs and malady. We will compose a custom exposition test on Biodiversity Outline or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now II. Body a. [Amphibians] No gathering of creatures has a higher pace of danger than creatures of land and water. Researchers gauge that a third or a greater amount of all the approximately 6,300 known types of creatures of land and water are in danger of eradication I. The current land and water proficient termination rate may extend from 25,039 to multiple times the foundation annihilation rate ii. Frogs, amphibians, and lizards are vanishing a result of territory misfortune, water and air contamination, environmental change and ailment. iii. In light of their affectability to ecological changes, evaporating creatures of land and water ought to be seen as the canary in the worldwide coal mineshaft, flagging unpretentious yet extreme environment changes that could at last case numerous different species, including people. b. [Birds] Birds happen in about each environment on the planet and are regularly the most obvious and recognizable natural life to individuals over the globe. In that capacity, they give a significant bellwether to following changes to the biosphere. Declining fowl populaces across most to all natural surroundings affirm that significant changes are happening on our planet because of human exercises. I. A 2009 report on the condition of flying creatures in the United States found that 251 (31 percent) of the 800 species in the nation are of protection concern. ii. Comprehensively, BirdLife International gauges that 12 percent of known 9,865 winged animal species are presently viewed as compromised, with 192 species, or 2 percent, confronting a â€Å"extremely high risk† of eradication in the wild †two a greater number of animal groups than in 2008. ii. Natural surroundings misfortune and corruption have caused the majority of the winged animal decays, yet the effects of intrusive species and catch by gatherers assume a major job, as well. c. [Fish]Increasing interest for water, the damming of streams all through the world, the dumping and collection of different poisons, and obtrusive species make oceanic environments probably the most compromised on earth; consequently, it’s not astonishing that there are many fish species that are imperiled in both freshwater and marine natural surroundings. I. The American Fisheries Society distinguished 700 types of freshwater or anadromous fish in North America as being jeopardized, adding up to 39 percent of all such fish on the landmass ii. In North American marine waters, at any rate 82 fish species are endangered. Over the globe, 1,851 types of fish †21 percent of all fish species assessed †were esteemed in danger of annihilation by the IUCN in 2010, including in excess of 33% of sharks and beams. d. [Invertebrates (profundity into coral reefs)] Invertebrates, from butterflies to mollusks to night crawlers to corals, are unfathomably differing †and however nobody knows exactly what number of invertebrate species exist, they’re evaluated to represent around 97 percent of the all out types of creatures on Earth. Of the 1. 3 million known invertebrate species, the IUCN has assessed around 9,526 species, with around 30 percent of the species assessed in danger of eradication. I. Freshwater spineless creatures are seriously compromised by water contamination, groundwater withdrawal, and water ventures, while countless spineless creatures of outstanding logical criticalness have gotten either imperiled or wiped out because of deforestation, particularly in view of the fast annihilation of tropical rainforests. ii. In the sea, reef-building corals are declining at a disturbing rate: 2008’s first-historically speaking far reaching worldwide evaluation of these creatures uncovered that 33% of reef-building corals are undermined. III. Decision a. While much worry over annihilation centers around all inclusive lost species, the greater part of biodiversity’s benefits occur at a nearby level, and rationing neighborhood populaces is the best way to guarantee hereditary decent variety basic for a species’ long haul endurance. Not all things are clear with regards to biodiversity misfortune, yet what plainly a huge number of animal varieties are in danger of vanishing perpetually in the coming decades. The most effective method to refer to Biodiversity Outline, Essay models

Sale of goods and agency Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Offer of products and office - Essay Example In the given case, Kangaroo Developments went into an agreement of offer with Libby’s wines on twentieth January. The conveyance of 200 containers of Queensland Plonk was to be on first February by Libby’s wines on the premises of Kangaroo Developments. Libby’s wine had 700 jugs in their stock from which 200 containers must be isolated to be conveyed to Kangaroo Developments. The 200 containers, while not isolated, were general products. So as to become learned products, they must be isolated. The understanding was made on twentieth January yet the exchange of property had not yet been made. As indicated by Sale of Goods Act, 1979, S.18 (Rule 2), â€Å"Where there is an agreement for the offer of explicit products and the merchant will undoubtedly plan something for the merchandise to place them into a deliverable express, the property doesn't go until the thing is done and the purchaser has notice that it has been done.† According to the given realities, Libby’s wines had isolated 200 containers on twentieth January and checked them to be conveyed to Kangaroo Developments. There is no data in the given realities whether Kangaroo Developments had the information that 200 containers had been isolated; consequently learned. The director set the containers back following two hours of their division. By the first of February, Libby’s wine had been sold. Expecting that Kangaroo Developments had no information on the detachment of 200 containers, it would imply that the products were rarely learned. Thusly, no exchange of property had occurred and the hazard in them stayed with Libby’s wines. For this situation, since Kangaroo Developments had just addressed the cost of jugs to Libby’s wines, they would be qualified for recoup the cost. They would not be qualified for recuperation of 200 containers since the title was never moved. Then again, if Kangaroo Developments had the information that the products were is olated to be conveyed to them, the merchandise would have been said to have determined and the exchange of property would have considered to be made. For this situation, Kangaroo Developments would have had the option to recuperate the jugs if the courts were persuaded that regardless of the liquidation of Libby’s wines, the conveyance of 200 jugs was conceivable. It is on the grounds that the title of the containers and the hazard in them had been moved when they were isolated. On the off chance that the liquidation of Libby’s wines had made the conveyance inconceivable, at that point Kangaroo Developments would just have had the option to recuperate the cost. In Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate, the offended parties settled on a consent to sell an even couple gathering motor to the litigants. The motor must be disassembled. After it was disassembled however before it could be conveyed, the bed plate of the motor was broken accidently. The respo ndents wouldn't acknowledge the motor. The offended parties sued. It was held that the litigants were qualified for dismiss the motor in light of the fact that the motor was not found out as the respondents didn't have the information about that reality. Along these lines, the title was not moved. In this way, by the utilization of S.18 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979 and Underwood Ltd v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate, Kangaroo Development would possibly have the option to recoup the cost on the off chance that they didn't have the information on 200 jugs being isolated. The property in merchandise and the hazard in them would stay with Libby’s wines. Against William and Sons According to the given realities, Kangaroo Developments contracted to buy 500 marked espresso cups from William and Sons. Each mug was required to be printed with Kangaroo Development’s logo. For this situation, the topic is future products. As indicated by S.18 of Sale of Goods Act, 1979, the property in products would move to Kangaroo Developments when the printing of logos is done and they have its notification. Here, once more, the exchange of property depends on the confirmation of the reality whether Kangaroo

Monetize Your Website Links Using MageNet

Monetize Your Website Links Using MageNet Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Monetize Your Website Links Using MageNetUpdated On 09/01/2016Author : Ram kumarTopic : Make MoneyShort URL : http://hbb.me/1OTIM3t CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOk you are not exactly selling your links, you are just monetizing it. There is a big difference between these two terms though they include in only one thing MONEY! So instead of just keeping your blog links simple, you can monetize them using Text Advertisements.We have seen so much of Text Link Ads networks, and now Im going to share another popular website called MageNet. They have 6,281+ reputed clients and you can trust its creditability.Wait.. Is This Against Googles Policies?Ok, thats one of the most commonly asked questions and the answer is, it wont be considered as link selling by Google. Why? Because you are not going to term them as Sponsored Links or Text Link Ads anywhere. All their links ar e placed singly and only within the content of the post. Their links will be surrounded by content, it is absolutely natural. It is just like you are referencing some link. Selling links through MageNet is convenient and absolutely safe since it does NOT violate Google policy or any other policies or guidelines.How It Works?Using MageNet you can sell text links on every page of your website and get ~ $1,000 / month from link sales. The best thing about MageNet is that you can set your own prices for links and each month youll receive automatic payments via PayPal (or other system) with no fees. You have complete control over each sold backlink.READ5 Common Ways To Make Money From Your BlogSo basically MageNet crawler analyses your sites and checks their content. They mainly see the PageRank and Outbound links on each page. They are doing this in order to sell links from your sites to their advertisers. If you are a desperate blogger having PR 0 sites, you can also use this service b ut do remember to build links to your site since some incoming and outgoing links should be there on your blog.Can I Control The Links I Want To Monetize?Of course, you can. In fact that is another notable feature from MageNet. You can block sites you think bad and wont be getting any links from them. Another plus point is you can also block specific keywords (like adult or casino stuffs). If you want like blocking like these, you can directly exclude specific pages from getting such offers from such sites.Try MageNet to enter a new way to monetize your blog posts with the help of text advertisements.

Analysis Of Walt Disney s Public Limited Company

Walt Disney Public Limited Company 4.5 Detailed explanation of ratios and detail analysis of the company Liquidity ratio is consists of current and acid ratio. It is used to assess firm’s ability to its short-term debts. It does not count about profit but working capital, which is important to ability of paying its short-term debt of the business. Current Ratio analysis Current Ratio is used by business to compare its current liability with current assets. Preferable current ratio is advised to be in between 1.5 to 2. Current ratio over 2 is considered to be dangerous to business as there might be stocks are stored, which can be used in other opportunity such as: selling it. Low current ratio boost business to have better cash flow management , which leads to cancellation of spending plan, avoiding long-term liabilities. In terms of the Walt Disney PLC, it was estimated that there is constant increase in current ratio from 1.16 in 2011 to 1.35 in 2013. This is good sign that Walt Disney PLC has just in the middle of the just below the 1.5, which means Walt Disney is able to pay its short term debt without running out of cash inflows. Quick Ratio or Acid ratio analysis This ratio is used to assess liquidity of the company by stocks that will be sold in the short period time. Result below 1 shows that business is facing problem with paying its short term debt. In case of Walt Disney PLC, the quick ration is also increasing from 1.02 in 2011 to 1.22 in 2013, this tellsShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney s Merger With Capital Cities1620 Words   |  7 Pagesanywhere these days without seeing an advertisment, or something relating to The Walt Disney Company (Disney). Perhaps you are seeing this advertised using a cable network like ABC or ESPN, or possibly on one of the newspaper companies that used to belong to Capital Cities/ ABC Inc. (ABC). In 1995, it was time for Disney to improve on their media outlook. In 1996 at its New York Shareholder meeting, The Walt Disney Company s merger with Capital Cities Inc. created one of the biggest and most prominentRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company1633 Words   |  7 Pagesethic will be applied on the analysis of the ethical issue of the Walt Disney Company. The recommendations we believed that can help to address the ethical problems are also included in this paper. Background of The Walt Disney Company The Walt Disney Company is a international entertainment and media enterprise. It has established for more than nine decades and developed from a cartoon studio in the 1920s to the global corporation today. The Walt Disney Company is consisted of five businessRead MoreOrganizational Profile Of Walt Disney Company2296 Words   |  10 PagesOrganizational Profile of the Walt Disney Company: Beyond the Disney?s Magical Experience Pedro E. Cruzfeliciano University of Louisville Dr. Carpenter ELFH 490: Leadership and Management May 29, 2015 1 Running Head: ORGANIZATIONAL PROFILE Introduction In this paper, we will explore the magical experience of Walt Disney Company through the structure and symbolic frames based on the Bolman and Deal?s individual lens. The structuralRead MoreEssay about Walt Disney Financial Analyis4488 Words   |  18 Pages The Walt Disney Company (DIS) has a long and prestigious history in the entertainment business covering a period of greater than 75 years. The DIS objective is to be the world leader in production of entertainment using their diversified portfolio to differentiate its brands including Walt Disney Parks, ESPN, PIXAR, MARVEL, and ABC. The financial goals are to maximize cash flow, maximize earnings, and capital profits that will drive longer-term shareholder value (The Walt Disney Company, 2012)Read MoreCase Example - Church and Dwight.Doc5400 Words   |  22 PagesBillion in annual sales while remaining a largely household domestic products company with only one iconic brand. Over the past decade Church Dwight has made many s uccessful changes in their company to create rapid growth fueled by a string of acquisitions and creating a diversified portfolio. While growing the business, Church Dwight has come across some potential issues. One of the issues that the Church Dwight Company is facing is the ability to remain competitive within the volatile retailRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company Report15335 Words   |  62 PagesCompany Research Paper The Walt Disney Company Pranay Kumar George Batah Shuxian Shen Sheng Hao Koo â€Å"We have complied with university honor code in completion of this assignment and I attest that this work is ours and ours alone.† Professor Suzanne Weiss Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Background 3. Management 4. Situation Analysis 5. Ethics and Responsibility 6. Human Resource 7. Globalization 8. Operation and Production Read MoreDisney Case Study Marketing4482 Words   |  18 PagesFebrero 27, 2013 FIRST PARTIAL EXAM Disney: The happiest brand on earth Case Analysis 1. Background: During the second half of the 1980s and 1990s, the Disney Studio experienced a significant growth, and the division had a golden age with annual box office hits with such regularity that even their creative structure started to be known as the Disney formula.. In 1991, hotels, home video distribution, and Disney merchandising became 28 percent of total company revenues with international revenuesRead MoreDisneyland Hong Kong8209 Words   |  33 PagesDisneyland (Disney HK) is owned by Hong Kong International Theme Parks Limited, a joint venture company with 57 percent shares from the Hong Kong Government and 43 percent shares from the Walt Disney Company. One of the key reasons Disney HK was constructed is to create new jobs for both within Disney and through other employment opportunities and was also estimated to generate economic benefits for Hong Kong. This report would include a comprehensive analysis of the company, Disney HK. It aims toRead MoreAthletic Shoe and Nike4456 Words   |  18 PagesNIKE 1 Nike has always remained on the preference list of athletes and  athletic  footwear  was indeed the first category of products launched by the company more than 30 years ago. Today, you can see the craze for its products, not only among athletes, but also among golfers and other sportspeople. Apart from that,  Nike  shoes  and other accessories have also become the favorite  fashion  products for teenagers. Thus, fashion, elegance and achievements are some of the associated attributes of NikeRead MorePixar Animation5916 Words   |  24 PagesPixar Animations MBA 615 Mickey Langford/Kimberly Horne Spring 2013 Mickey Langford Pixar Animations is our company of choice for this case study analysis. In 2006, Walt Disney acquired Pixar, but before we get to all of that, let us start at the beginning. Before Pixar, there was Lucas Films. George Lucas, of Lucas Films, decided in 1979 to upgrade their computer division (Animations, 2012). Lucas had a desire to see how far they could take computer graphics within the film industry. Lucas

Description Of A New Duty Station - 1352 Words

Leadership: When I report to a new duty station there are a couple of rules I follow. I have learned and revised these rules over my twenty year career. Having learned that making drastic changes without knowing the current process is detrimental to the unit and to the morale of our members, I first observe and try to understand before changes are implemented. If one thing I have learned is that 99% of the time there are always a reason behind those processes and that the other 1% is the process that was implemented out of a reaction to a situation. Upon arriving at my current duty station, it was not any different, process were in place that were exactly what they needed at the time, there were also other processes that were reactionary. My predecessor was an excellent Leading Chief and he was instrumental in â€Å"turning around† the department. But as I have learned once the corner has been turned we have to reevaluate the process. In my opinion â€Å"Leadership† is an ongoing process, one that never ends and one that is constantly evolving depending on the situation and the circumstances. What I witnessed upon reporting to the unit I found a department that was extremely well run, but lacked the moral and personal interaction to make that more successful and bring out its full potential. The leadership was excellent and the Hangar was one of the best I have been fortunate to come across, but there was something missing. One shocking thing I observed upon arriving was that theShow MoreRelatedDescription Of A New Duty Station1352 Words   |  6 Pages1. Leadership: When I report to a new duty station there are a couple of rules I follow. I have learned and revised these rules over my twenty year career. Having learned that making drastic changes without knowing the current process is detrimental to the unit and to the moral of our members, I first observe and try to understand before changes are implemented. If one thing I have learned is that 99% of the time there are always a reasons behind those processes and that the other 1% is the processRead MoreProcedures for the Replacement of a Windscreen on an Aircraft1421 Words   |  6 Pagesflying hours. The Shift Maintenance Manager’s experience told him that many of the bolts would be found up to three turns loose during the retorque procedure, thus he decided to increase the initial torque to 20 lbf/in. 4) Physical matching of old and new bolts by touch and eye was attempted by the Shift Maintenance Manager, leading to a mismatch with bolts from the International Pier carousel. â€Æ' Hardware 1) Availability of parts and spares †¢ The BAC One-Eleven windscreen was designed to be securedRead MoreNaval East Fort Macon Road1613 Words   |  7 Pagesto meet Core Competencies. They ensure that their unit maintains 100% mobilization readiness at all times. This is evidenced by the implementation of the Senior Enlisted Reserve Advisor (SERA) billets. According to (Ref. 2) the following is a description. â€Å"Senior Enlisted Reserve Advisors (SERAs). Reserve billets available to E-7 through E-9, regardless of rating, have been established at units below the Sector level and at Coast Guard Bases to monitor and advise their commands on the administrativeRead MoreEssay about Facility Planning Part 1812 Words   |  4 PagesFacility Planning Part 1 HCS/446 June 24, 2013 Royann Schmidgall Facility Planning Part 1 There are numerous stages involved when stakeholders think about remodeling or building a new facility. There are three specific stages when deciding to remodel or build. Stage one is the planning and defining the hospital project. This includes a strategic plan, needs assessment, and concept design. Stage two is the design development, schematic design, construction documentation, and buildingRead MoreWhat Is The Role Of Training In An Organization790 Words   |  4 Pagesfunction to specifications of the occupation. As well, continuing training is imperative as the business developments. New by-laws or modernized technology will call for current employees to meet open-ended training that coincides with the development of the firm. The demand for workers to be trained in addition will increase when there are individual adjustments like alter of job description, change of labor processes, and change in customers, or merchandise improvement. The corporation goes beyond theRead M oreStatement of Purpose for the Occupation of Obstetrician/Gynecologist or a Firefighter1064 Words   |  4 Pageseasier for me to endure the day to day requirements of an OB/GYN. Even though firefighters and OB/GYNs share many similar qualities, I would prefer to become an OB/GYN due to its daily tasks and lack of physical requirements. When it comes to job description, firefighters and OB/GYNs share some similar qualities with many differences. A firefighter responds to and controls building and or wildfires. This is stated on The United States Department of Labor’s website (Occupational Outlook Handbook). FirefightersRead MoreThe Selection Process Of An Organization1164 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction When a position becomes available in an organization, a job description is created. It may show the overall tasks, responsibilities and requirements needed to be qualified. Organizations then use the recruitment process which presents the organization with a pool of qualified candidates to choose from (Megan, D, 2014, ch.4 p. 85). After which the selection process is used to determine those who are most qualified for the position (Megan, D, 2014, ch.5 p.119). Within the selection processRead MoreGas Station Feasibility1246 Words   |  5 PagesI. Management Aspect A. Form of the Business Ownership The Gassoline station is a partnership form of business that is owned by five persons and managed by two persons, namely Mr. Neil Aldin Dano, and Mr. Mark Anthony Fabian, Mr. Mico Quimbao, Mr. Daweng Zerpe and Mr. Arnel Espinosa. B. Nature of the Business The gassoline station will be offering the following petroluem and lubricant products; Petroluem: Unleaded Deisel Auto-Lpg Lubricants: C. Location The Gassoline stattion willRead MoreHrm 593 Employment Law Final Exam1240 Words   |  5 PagesHRM 593 Employment Law Final Exam Follow Link Below To Get Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/hrm-593-employment-law-final-exam/ Description: 1.(TCO A) Alice Jones was employed as a clerk-typist by a company. She requested and was refused a vacation day. The employer’s refusal was based on her failure to submit the request at least two weeks in advance as required by company policy. She announced that she would take the day anyway, and when she subsequently failed to report forRead MoreEvaluation Of Air Pollution Of Bangkok, Thailand1508 Words   |  7 Pagesatmosphere to disperse the air pollutants Methodology DESCRIPTION OF VEHICLE TEST PROGRAM AND SAMPLING STATIONS PART I In this experiment, exhaust emission measurement was carried out in a fleet of the test vehicles of different model years and manufacturers. The test vehicles classified into two groups; the first group was new vehicles of 1–2 years old and the second group was old vehicles of 4–5 years old. PART II Four sampling stations were fixed in consultation with the Pollution Control Department

The Virtue of Discrimination Essay - 1065 Words

The Virtue of Discrimination Discrimination is a word that has taken on a negative connotation in todays society. Since the beginning of the equal rights movement, the perceived meaning of the word discrimination has shifted from that of a useful virtue to one of an insulting, derogatory word. Robert Keith Miller wrote an essay for Newsweek in the summer of 1980 that focuses on the discrepancies in the use of the word discrimination. â€Å"Discrimination Is a Virtue† points out the differences in the dictionary’s definition of the word discrimination and the perceived societal definition of the word. Miller explains the confusion of the word discrimination with the words discriminate against and worries that discrimination may be†¦show more content†¦He seeks to eliminate the negative association with the word discrimination and writes the article in an attempt to illustrate the need for discrimination in society. Miller presents discrimination as â€Å"a virtue which we desperate ly need†(87). He uses the issue of â€Å"mainstreaming† in the school system to illustrate its’ lack of discrimination and similarly, our mental health systems perceived rush to return its’ patients to the â€Å"real world†(86). Miller also points out the irony of our societies ability to use good discrimination in our day to day lives but not as a group when making important governmental policies(86). These examples are used to illustrate the benefit of discrimination in our schools, mental health system and governmental policy making. He ultimately seeks to keep his readers open-minded, â€Å"but not so open-minded that our brains fall out† (87). â€Å"Discrimination Is a Virtue† uses a compare and contrast structured argument to illustrate the virtues of discrimination. Miller begins this argument by first defining discrimination as â€Å"the ability to tell differences† (86). He also uses the Oxford English Dictionary to define it as â€Å"discernment; the ability to perceive the truth, use good judgment and to profit accordingly† (86). This same Dictionary â€Å"traces this understanding of the word back to 1648 and demonstrates that for the next 300Show MoreRelatedThe Aspects Of Business Ethics1435 Words   |  6 PagesOver the course of this semester, we have covers several aspects of business ethics. I will be covering Chapter 11, Diversity and Discrimination, to break down discrimination, equal opportunity, and affirmative action. I served in the military for 13 years, and there are regulations that pertain to these three topics. The Armed Forces is a very diverse organization, and all enti ties stress regulations and procedures when it comes to equal opportunity. During my time in the U.S. Army, I had leadersRead MoreThe Benefits Of Human Reproductive Cloning989 Words   |  4 Pages(Sanchez-Sweatman 2000). Indirectly, there is a strong likelihood for social resentment and discrimination towards clones which would be a form of psychological and social deprivation. The discrimination in modern society is abundant of discrimination and social resentment towards any sort of deviant of the social norm, even belated to the introduction of human clones into society. Specifically looking discrimination under sexual orientation, based on statistics presented by the National Gay and LesbianRead MoreAffirmative Action Essay968 Words   |  4 Pagesslavery and discrimination and women had very little liberty. In the present, the United States is much closer to equality, yet gender and race still play a role in life’s opportunities given the high frequency of affirmativ e action programs; they attempt to increase the representation of minorities on college campuses and in the office, regardless of virtue. Programs of affirmative action arouse controversy because some groups view affirmative action as a catalyst for reverse discrimination whilst otherRead MoreSegregation vs. Integration1387 Words   |  6 Pagescivil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was created which fought for civil rights among African Americans. Although after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed any form of discrimination and segregation, the topic of segregation and integration still remains a contentious debate in America. Three writers who have opposing ideas on this topic are Daniel T. Lichter, Michael S. Murray, and Danielle Holley-Walker. Daniel Lichter opposesRead MoreMoral and Ethical Issues1713 Words   |  7 Pagesbasic moral question in this approach is: How fair is an action? Does it trea t everyone in the same way, or does it show discrimination or favoritism? Favoritism gives benefits to some people without a justifiable reason for singling them out; discrimination imposes burdens on people who are no different from those on whom burdens are not imposed. Both favoritism and discrimination are unjust and wrong. The common-good Approach to ethics assumes a society comprising individuals whose own good is inextricablyRead MoreEssay on Ethics Case Study1554 Words   |  7 Pageslifestyles. Furthermore, if the school accepts the sponsorship offered in conjunction with the stipulated conditions it would ultimately be endorsing discrimination against Molly based on her appearance. The focus ethical frameworks that have been use to provide my final recommendations for this scenario are Consequentialism, Non-Consequentialism, Virtue Ethics and Care Ethics. Consequentialism is an action-based decision making framework which determines whether an act is right or wrong based onRead MoreCase Analysis : Goodyear Tire And Rubber Company1337 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscusses a case of Ledbetter vs the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company where Lilly Ledbetter, the only female production supervisor at Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company’s plant in Gadsent, had worked for over 20 years. She sued the company over gender discrimination in regard to her pay in 1998. Her salary was as much as 40 percent lower than that of the lowest-paid male supervisor (Brake and Grossman, 2007). Her lawsuit was rejected as untimely by The Supreme Court, who issued a 5-4 ruling because sheRead MoreAffirmative Action: Equality for All? Essay1741 Words   |  7 PagesAffirmative action contradicts itself, by saying that racial discrimination is wrong and we should all have equal opportunities in a color-blind society but then gives opportunities solely based on r ace. Affirmative action is unethical and this idea is supported by moral philosophy subjects such as Kantianism, Utilitarianism, Social Contract, and Virtue Theory. Arguments against affirmative action are that it: creates reverse discrimination, lowers standards for minorities, and demeans true minorityRead MoreThe Problem Of A Virtual Unethical Stigma1205 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to virtue ethical system, ethnicity should not be a deciding factor despite the common belief that diversity help students learn by creating diverse perspectives. Virtue ethics is an approach to ethics that emphasizes an individual s character as the key element of ethical thinking. Virtue ethical theories originate to ancient Greek philosophy discussion of what were recognized as the four cardinal virtues- wisdom, justice, fortitude and temperance. The roots of virtue theory lie inRead MoreEmployment-At-Will Doctrine Essay1277 Words   |  6 Pages At the same time the paper will address the importance of whistleblower police for any organization. While the employment-at-will allows employers to terminate their staff at any moment, at the same time it protect the staff from any type of discrimination. Employment-At-Will According to the National Conference of State Legislatures (2013), most of the countries around the world permit the termination of employment with a legitimate cause. However, in the United States is different; employ/employer

Use of Radio Frequency Identification Technology

Questions: Evaluate the use of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology. Your evaluative report should include the following: a) Briefly explain how the technology works. b) Explain the business or technical problem the technology is designed to solve. c) Identify the technologys limitations. Does it create any new problems? d) Evaluate at least one organizations implementation of the technology. e) Assessment of the technologys prospects for success in the marketplace. Answers: Introduction RFID or Radio Frequency Identification is an emerging technology for identification and logging of products and services. It is the most popular technology in this common aspect of product or services identification (Kwon et al., 2016). Briefly, RFID is demonstrated in form of tags to contain some form of identity information transmission to RFID reader, this device can directly fetch that piece of information in computer. To initiate proper understanding of RFID, the report considers the conventional Point-of-Sale barcode reader scanning devices (Zhong et al., 2015). It is simpler to rectify the use of RFID, as it is much similar to barcodes in terms of operation and procedures. How RFID works, Active and Passive RFID: Discussion The RFID systems are interrogated with RFID reader; where the tag generates radio frequency identification signal for communication between the computer-aided device and the product. The reader is designed with a receiver, which holds a answering signal directed from RFID tags and decodes the signal (Gladysz, 2015). The answering signal is reflected from the RFID tags as figuratively with tags data contents. The reply is termed as passive backscatter to the RFID reader. Active RFID tags: The active RFID tags are generally designed with in-built power source, with capability of transmitting the active and intensive processing data over physical address locations. Active RFID tags are efficient for communication to the readers within 100 meters distance or more (Vojtech et al., 2015). It requires lesser signal from the reader comparative to Passive RFID tags; unlike Passive RFID tags, it can contain sensors and data loggers with continuous power supply. Again, these are designed with time-stamp clock and significant memory storage for better operation from distance. Passive RFID tags: The Passive RFID tags contain no power or energy source in-built in them, while active tags are automatically powered with battery. The Passive RFID tags can be operated at a greatest space of 3 meters or less, enabling energy availability only while communicating with RFID interrogator (Arbit et al., 2015). These simple tags are effective with storing 64 bits of factory-written unique data (identified as Class 0 tags). However, these active and passive tags classification is confusing; because in every communication process with passive RFID tags, the reader communicates first. All RFID tags generally act as a server of containing identity information; again, Active RFID tags can communicate by itself or by the reader as well (Yan et al., 2015). Reader term is potentially confusing as it has capability of both reading the information and writing it in computer database. Again, both the tags are important for showing its full potential along with cost-savings in Passive RFID tags and better functionality with Active RFID tags. Business or Technology Problem(s) RFID solves The current business and organizations face technical issues as effect on manufacturing is depicted as following: Required to ensure error-free and customized assembly in substations of the production lines Required inventory management of components for the several types of customization options maintenance Mitigating some significant concerns as in controlling production line assembly, catalog management, Supply-Chain management, and customer feedback based services The solution is suggested as the usage of RFID tags in business products and service outcomes. The solution is included to those problems as shown underneath: Assembly Line incorporation: The RFID tags can be connected to approximately anything as objects, luggage, and product package as well. The vehicles, resources, livestock, and even personnel might be tagged with RFID (Zhou Piramuthu, 2015). Therefore, the running assembly lines or production lines can be designed with RFID reader panel. The panel should be designed to detect the RFID tags under the products on the go. Figure 1: Assembly line applications (Source: Arbit et al., 2015, pp. 90) Handheld applications of RFID tags: The handheld RFID reader devices are relevant for bigger products identification while storing inside the inventory (Fescioglu-Unver et al., 2015). There must be stakeholders for incorporating this application of RFID tags for suitable inventory management process. Figure 2: Handheld device applications (Source: Gladysz, 2015, pp. 40) Shipping and other critical issues solution: The shipping portals are basically containers for sending lots of products from the inventory to the distributors. The portals are important for maintaining proper record keeping, auditing, and database management of products (Zhong et al., 2015). Other critical issues are addressed as supply chain management or particular products. Figure 3: Shipping management with RFID tags (Source: Zhou Piramuthu, 2015, pp. 15) RFID advantages over Barcode or OCR: The advantages are listed in favor of RFID over other ADC (Automated Data Collection) technologies as Barcode or OCR as following: Line of sight is not required for reading the product identity With single scanning process, multiple stuff or products can be read with essential information Individual tag has capability of reading or writing huge amount of data Rather identifying categories, individual items can be identified as well Passive tags are with unlimited lifespan and active tags are readable from big distances RFID can be attached with Barcode and OCR technology to gain competitive advantages of both the techniques Limitations of RFID and Possible Solutions The primary limitations in RFID deployment are defined to be the challenges of implementation. The challenges are identified as following: Managing the system cost for entire implementation Handling the materials under suitable inventory management Tagging and identification scheme incompatibilities Operating frequency variances over the products Business process redesigning with new RFID technology incorporation Cost and Return on Investment sharing The solutions are included as referring to the current limitations over design challenges with RFID deployment as well. The solutions are included as underneath: To manage the system expenditure, the accurate hardware, right implementation path, and right data architecture should be chosen. To handle materials under suitable inventory management, RFID tagging of produced products should be performed along with RFID reader designing. To avoid tagging and identification scheme incompatibilities, a suitable standard should be followed. To manage the variances of operating frequencies, the frequency should be chosen in this RFID tagging implementation. To introduce the RFID tagging system, the new processes should be included, existing processes should be re-written, and Human Resource Department (HR) should be trained well. To share cost and ROI in business, the RFID helps in supply chain management as well. Implementation of RFID in Philips Semiconductors The RFID tag implementation is performed in Philips Semiconductors with products tagging and inventor management facility. RFID helps in determining the data identification and transmission of data with active tagging mechanism. The transmission of data can be used for suitable supply chain management of semiconductors (Tariq Khan, 2011). The factory and production related data could be added with the production system. The distribution-assisted steps of the organization are added with loading and unloading of received information. The final stages of retail and shelf management is included in the business. However, some customers denied the RFID technology saying I would rather grow a beard; stating that these information can be used against them by spammers. Further, this information will become traceable to the outsiders; Philips Semiconductors have implemented the technology with security and privacy management disabling the unlimited access to information. Success Assessment of RFID in Marketplaces RFID application is Airlines: Delta Airlines have announced that RFID implementation will be deployed for baggage tracking in 344 stations all over the world. The application can provide notifications when the baggage should be loaded and unloaded from the aircraft (Yang et al., 2015). The initial deployment has 99.9% success rate as confirmed from Delta Airlines. RFID in Transportation: The tagging helps the trucks to run without unnecessary speed decreasing a bit within weigh stations. The vehicle does not need to slow down as RFID is quick to detect the weight of the truck while it is in motion. Trains can be tagged with RFID for identifying the content of it (Ozdemir Bayrak, 2015). Again, shipping can be helped with loading and unloading the assets. However, acceptance of RFID in toll booths helped in minimizing congestion in tunnels, bridges, and toll roads. RFID in Medical and Healthcare: RFID tags helped in limiting the overstock of certain products with limiting supply. The injection can be matched with patients wristband and embedded RFID tags in it as well (Cavus Munyavi, 2015). The radiology RFID tagging helped in finding the equipments from the inventory. The RFID tag can help in alerting people to control them from unwanted infection. The drugs can be traced and tracked under the RFID tagged prescription drugs. RFID in Supply Chain Management: The RFID helps in quality controlling, tracking, and tracing, shelf maintenance, high-value goods management, asset management, and distribution of productivity as well (Zhou Piramuthu, 2015). The tagging techniques is relatively effective rather than Barcodes. RFID in banking: The RFID tagging helped in automatic identification and data capturing technology usage for maintaining different equipments in same banking firm. Conclusion The identified tags as both passive and active RFID tags are important for showing its full potential along with cost-savings in Passive RFID tags and better functionality with Active RFID tags. To handle materials under suitable inventory management, RFID tagging of produced products should be performed along with RFID reader designing. The RFID tag implementation is performed in some organizations with products tagging and inventor management facility. RFID helps in determining the data identification and transmission of data with active tagging mechanism. RFID tags helped in limiting the overstock of certain products with limiting supply. The radiology RFID tagging helped in finding the equipments from the inventory. References Arbit, A., Livne, Y., Oren, Y., Wool, A. (2015). Implementing public-key cryptography on passive RFID tags is practical. International Journal of Information Security, 14(1), 85-99. Cavus, N., Munyavi, R. M. (2015). An assessment of the effects of widespread use of mobile applications in the health sector: An exploratory study of its success and failures. Fescioglu-Unver, N., Choi, S. H., Sheen, D., Kumara, S. (2015). RFID in production and service systems: Technology, applications and issues. Information Systems Frontiers, 17(6), 1369-1380. Gladysz, B. (2015). An Assessment of RFID Applications in Manufacturing Companies. Management and Production Engineering Review, 6(4), 33-42. Kwon, J., Song, T., Cho, W., Kim, J. (2016). Definition of Minimum Performance Requirements for RFID Tags Embedded Inside a Pair of Shoes. The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science, 27(1), 33-41. Ozdemir, A., Bayrak, M. A. (2015). Assessment of RFID Investment in the Military Logistics Systems Through The Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Model. Journal of Military and Information Science, 3(4), 88-102. Tariq, M., Khan, S. U. (2011). Organizational Integration for the Implementation of RFID: A Case Study of Philips Semiconductors. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research In Business, 3(5), 883. Vojtech, L., Nerada, M., Hrad, J., Bortel, R. (2015, May). Outdoor localization technique using active RFID technology aimed for security and disaster management applications. In Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC), 2015 16th International (pp. 586-589). IEEE. Yan, P., Yang, W., Tan, B., Yu, B. (2015). Rfid solution to improving ammunition supply chain management. In LISS 2013 (pp. 1163-1168). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Yang, Z., Xu, W., Wong, P. K., Wang, X. (2015). Modeling of RFID-enabled real-time manufacturing execution system in mixed-model assembly lines. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2015. Zhong, R. Y., Huang, G. Q., Lan, S., Dai, Q. Y., Chen, X., Zhang, T. (2015). A big data approach for logistics trajectory discovery from RFID-enabled production data. International Journal of Production Economics, 165, 260-272. Zhou, W., Piramuthu, S. (2015). Identification shrinkage in inventory management: an RFID-based solution. Annals of Operations Research, 1-16.

Green Cover free essay sample

Rampant construction and poor compensatory plantation are taking a toll on Kolkatas environment. And it has probably never been as stark and quick as in the last year. The citys green cover now stands at a dismal 5%, which is way below the requirement of 15% for metros. In the last 12 months, Kolkata and its adjoining areas have lost more than 5,000 trees to developmental projects, unauthorized chopping and natural causes. The loss is unprecedented, says the forest department. This could have brought the cover further down and has pushed up the carbon count by an alarming 5,500,000 kg per year, the department admitted. The impact of this loss would be felt in the coming years, feel environmentalists. And it could be irreversible, given the sporadic and unplanned compensatory plantation in Kolkata. The figures confirm the fear. As much as 95 lakh tonnes of carbon are generated in Kolkata from vehicular emission every year. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Cover or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since each full-grown tree can absorb around 1,100 kg of carbon a year, a loss of 5,000 plants means 5,500,000 kg more carbon in the citys atmosphere. In comparison, the green cover in Delhi and Mumbai are much higher. While the Capital has a cover of 19. 9%, Mumbai was marginally behind at around 18%. The national average stands at a healthier 19. 49%. On the whole, orest cover has been on a steady decline since 1981 in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bithe dense forest in the country has increased by 1. 88 per cent, but the area under open forest has declined by 2. 55 per cent. However, the trend in some states is at a variance with the national trend. Fhar, Haryana and West Bengal. On the other hand, states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Sikkim have shown a decline in their forest cover in the latest assessment.

8 Ways to Help Students with Dyslexia Succeed

8 Ways to Help Students with Dyslexia Succeed Homework is an important part of the school learning experience. Guidelines for homework are 20 minutes for elementary age children, 60 minutes for middle school and 90 minutes for high school. It is not unusual for students with dyslexia to take 2 to 3 times that amount of time to get their homework completed each night. When this happens, any benefit a child might derive from the extra practice and review is negated by the frustration and exhaustion they feel. While accommodations are often used in school to help students with dyslexia complete their work, this is rarely done with homework. Teachers need to be aware that it is easy to overburden and overwhelm a child with dyslexia by expecting the same amount of homework to be completed in the same amount of time as the students without dyslexia.The following are suggestions to share with general education teachers when giving homework: Outline assignments Write the homework assignment on the board early in the day. Set aside a portion of the board that is free of other writing and use the same spot each day. This gives students plenty of time to copy the assignment into their notebook. Some teachers provide alternate ways for students to get homework assignments: A bulk email is sent to all students, or their parents, listing the homework assignmentAn online calendar lists homework assignmentsThe classroom telephone message is changed each morning to reflect the homework assignments. Students can call the classroom to get the assignmentStudents with dyslexia, ADHD or other learning differences are paired with another student who checks the students notebook to make sure the homework assignment was written correctlyForm a homework chain. Each student writes the name of two other students in the front of their notebook who they can call to ask questions about the assignment. If you must change a homework assignment because a lesson was not covered, give students plenty of time to amend their notebooks to reflect the change. Be sure each student understands the new assignment and knows what to do. Explain the reasons for the homework There are a few different purposes for homework: practice, review, previewing upcoming lessons and to expand knowledge of a subject. The most common reason for homework is to practice what has been taught in class but sometimes a teacher asks the class to read a chapter in a book so it can be discussed the following day or a student is expected to study and review for an upcoming test. When teachers explain not only what the homework assignment is but why it is being assigned, the student can more easily focus on the task. Use less homework more frequently Rather than assigning a large amount of homework once per week, assign a few problems each night. Students will retain more information and be better prepared to continue the lesson each day. Let students know how homework will be graded Will they receive a checkmark simply for completing the homework, will wrong answers be counted against them, will they receive corrections and feedback on written assignments? Students with dyslexia and other learning disabilities work better when they know what to expect. Allow students with dyslexia to use a computer This helps to compensate for spelling errors and illegible handwriting. Some teachers allow students to complete an assignment on the computer and then email it directly to the teacher, eliminating lost or forgotten homework assignments. Reduce the number of practice questions Is it imperative to complete every question to receive the benefits of practicing skills or can the homework be reduced to every other question or the first 10 questions? Individualize homework assignments to make sure a student gets enough practice but isnt overwhelmed and will not be spending hours each night working on homework. Remember: Dyslexic Students Work Hard Keep in mind that students with dyslexia work hard each day just to keep up with the class, sometimes working much harder than other students just to complete the same amount of work, leaving them mentally exhausted. Reducing homework gives them time to rest and rejuvenate and be ready for the next day at school. Set time limits for homework Let the students and their parents know that after a certain amount of time working on homework the student may stop. For example, for a young child, you may set 30 minutes for assignments. If a student works hard and only completes half of the assignment in that time, the parent may indicate the time spent on homework and initial the paper and allow the student to stop at that point. Specially-designed Instruction When all else fails, contact your students parents, schedule an IEP meeting and write new SDIs to support your students struggling with homework. Remind your general education partners to protect the confidentiality of students who need accommodations to homework. Learning disabled children may already have low self-esteem and feel as if they dont fit in with other students. Drawing attention to accommodations or modifications to homework assignments can further damage their self-esteem. Sources:Â   A Dyslexic Child in the Classroom, 2000, Patricia Hodge, Dyslexia.comEffects of Instruction in an Assignment Completion Strategy on the Homework Performance of Students with Learning Disabilities in General Education Classes, 2002, Charles A.Hughes, Kathly L.Ruhl, Teaching LD Newsletter,Volume 17, Issue 1

An Evaluation of Financial Accounting & Reporting Essay

An Evaluation of Financial Accounting & Reporting - Essay Example In 2005, 80% companies in Japan and 71% of UK companies have reported about CSR, which can be described as highest reporting in this area. Between 2002 and 2005, South Africa reported about 17% increase in reporting and this is considered to be a remarkable increase. KPMG research report published in 2005 also demonstrated a significant change in the nature of reporting, and it modified from chiefly environmental reporting until 1999 to sustainability (environmental, economic and social ) reporting of late. (Nehme& Wee 2008:135). CSR is not a new concept. It has been in existence in many parts of the world including Australia since from the nineteenth century. For instance, US Steel is continuously reporting on CSR issues regularly from the twentieth century onwards. Further, as early as 1850, Levi Strauss & Co has stated in its annual reports that it committed to offering a quality product, a best community service and good working atmosphere for its employees. (Nehme& Wee 2008:143). Socially responsible companies offers olive branch or positive signals to all of its stakeholders and distinguish themselves from their rivals , thereby augmenting both of their short and long-term gains; Philanthropic and ethical considerations- companies have general obligations to the societies they operate from. Under â€Å" noblesse oblige† which connotes the obligation of nobility , the notion that a company as an entity is far more vigorous than any single individual and hence assumes larger obligations toward society. (Nehme& Wee 2008:135). A company has to look into not only its financial bottom line but also to give due importance to their environmental and social performance. (Figge and Hahn 2001). The GRI states that ‘the triple bottom line of environmental, economic and social performance is to be dealt in a sustainability report. (Schaltegger, Bennett and Burritt 2006: 584). A research study namely â€Å"International Survey of Corporate Sustainability

Recommendations Solution for Marketing Issues Case Study

Recommendations Solution for Marketing Issues - Case Study Example However, in the recent times, it can be said the airline carrier is plagued with various issues ranging from decreasing stock prices to fall of consumer loyalty as well as rising operating costs. This particular memo is in response to the marketing tactics that can be used to consolidate the airline’s position in the global market, while dealing with the issues related to fall in customer loyalty. It also needs to be mentioned that while designing the approach, focus was given on minimizing the operating cost of the airlines. Recommendation The recommended solution for the issues faced by the airline company on the lines of depreciating customer loyalty for the airlines is multi tiered in nature. Firstly, Classic Airlines, needs to focus more on listening to its customers, since they are the key revenue generator for the airlines Secondly, the airline needs to enter into a code sharing practice with another airline so that the company can get a strong and high flow of steady c ustomers. Analysis and Support of the Recommendations It is of considerable importance to highlight that the airline company has been facing tremendous issue in regards to depreciating consumer loyalty. The issue has been further complicated since the existing customers of the airlines, who fall in the frequent flyers category has demonstrated a dip in the frequency of usage of Classic Airlines. It has been assumed that the dip in the case of existing customers may be emerging either because of the issue related to choosing alternative airline or the factor of related to challenging scenario for the overall economy. It also needs to be highlighted that the airline is also facing multiple other issues. Talking specifically about the various other issues, the first thing that needs to be highlighted is the issue of price cut taken by Classic Airlines. It needs to be mentioned that the airline in the recent past has initiated a price cut for its airline services for the passengers. Nee dless to say, that though this was a complimentary move done while trying to tackle the past airline issues as well as the price cut drive from the competitors, this further resulted in the limiting of the revenue generating abilities of the airline company. The second issue is that the airline has been facing an issue of increase in operating costs for quite some time. As a necessary counter measure, the top management of Classic Airlines has initiated the mandate to significantly attain a 15 % reduction in costs. It needs to be highlighted that the presence of these additional issues has significantly resulted in the process of limiting the options that can be utilized for providing significant recommendations to the airline’s current problems related to fall in consumer loyalty. While talking in regards to the process of providing recommendation, it can be said that the very first step will be to opt for listening to the customers. Talking in more details, it can be said t hat the Classic Airlines already has in place, a very high end customer relationship management (CRM) system, which have the potential to provide more operational functions as compared to the ones that are being currently used. As of the recent customer feedbacks received, it has been realized that the current CRM system is too much automated in nature and lacks a human powered interaction. The current CRM system has the ability to integrate phone channels with the currently existing web channels. Though adding a human interaction interface in the current CRM system might prove costly, yet it will help in listening to the

Juror Organised Highly Conscientious Philosophy Essay

Juror Organised Highly Conscientious Philosophy Essay 12 Angry Men is a story of 12 juries making decision for a boy who have been accused for murdering his own father. A jury not only symbolizes democracy, but also embodies important cultural values which teamwork. The movie, 12 Angry Men clearly depicts how a random group of people can come together for a common goal, and in this case specifically to reach a final verdict. Each member possesses specific personality traits and diverse backgrounds that affect the decision making process. In the beginning, eleven juries out of twelve voted guilty. Only Juror No.8 voted the boy is not guilty. Juror 8 thought that they should re-examine the evidences again and not simply make decision on the boys life within five minutes. All of them agreed to speak out their opinions about the case. Most of them voted guilty based on the evidences and testimonials by the witnesses. 2.0 Personalities According to the Gordon Allport, personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment In other words, the ways in which a person reacts or interacts with others. Actually, it is the mixture of characteristics or traits that form a persons character and makes the person unique from another. In the movie 12 Angry Men the twelve juries got twelve different personalities. Hence, by using the personality traits models, like Big Five Model we have analyzed what kind of personalities they fall into. 2.1 Juror#1- Responsible, Conscientiousness Firstly, Juror #1 was the leader (foreman) of the twelve jury board. Throughout the discussion on whether the boy who was accused as a murderer of his father is guilty or not, he acted as a responsible leader. We discover that he handled situation in an organized way, for example- at start he suggested everyone to sit by their numbers and after that when everyone was settled on their seats he explained what they are supposed to do, and also when Juror#12 was distracted from his responsibility as a juror, Juror#1 reminded him his reason to be in the juror board. So, this proves that he has high conscientiousness. Furthermore, his agreeableness is also quite high as he considered others opinion about voting at first and keeping everyones view in front according to jury numbers and so on. In addition, his emotional stability is high, he was calm throughout the discussion even when 10th Juror questioned his leadership by asking him to stop treating them as kids, he did not raise his voic e too much but he just offered Juror#10 to take over his position. 2.2 Juror#2- Mild Openness to Idea It was the first time as a juror for Juror#2, so he was at first clueless about how thing works in a juror discussion. He was not very comfortable to voice out his ideas about why he thinks the boy is guilty, he just believes the evidences and the words he heard from the case. It gives the idea that his openness to new things is not high; he is not autonomous when taking decision. But he got more involved as the discussion goes on after a while and when the Juror#8 was showing out his doubt about the truth of the evidence, Juror#2 took notice of the logic behind the doubts and eventually supported Juror#8. 2.3 Juror#3- Stubborn Next, Juror#3 was the one who changed his vote to not guilty in the end. His stubbornness made him stick towards voting guilty throughout the discussion. He did not want to listen to any opinion other than his; he also denied the facts that make the evidences doubtful, this makes him low on agreeableness. Furthermore, he is low on conscientiousness as he did not feel responsible for the boys life, he thought that the courtroom was sleepy, people are talking too much when the case was obvious, and it is just a waste of time and money for him, even when the Juror#8 was giving out his view instead of listening carefully why Juror#8 thought the boy might not be guilty Juror#3 was playing with Juror#12. Next, he also lost his temper when Juror#8 was convincing others with his reasons of having doubt on the evidences and the number of vote for not guilty was increasing, he yelled at those who changed their mind, he was emotionally unstable. 2.4 Juror#4- Organised, Highly Conscientious Now, we move to Juror#4. He gives an impression of a very professional and organized person because he supported his view about the boy being guilty with facts and logic, without simply just saying guilty because the court said so. Despite that, he is highly conscientious as he took his duty as juror seriously. He was emotionally stable and opens to others opinion. He was not influenced by others, when making decisions he was independent, rational and calm. He changed his vote only after Juror#8 and Juror#9 gave him enough evidence (e.g. remembering the movie name, marks of spectacles on the womans nose) to doubt his decision over the kid as the murderer. However, at the beginning of the discussion he showed a little negative thinking about the slum and the people who live there by saying He was born in a slum. Slums are breeding grounds for criminals, I know as a view its no secret. 2.5 Juror#5- Introvert Next, Juror#5 shared the same background in terms of environment and culture in which, the boy who was accused to be murderer grew up. He was not comfortable to judge the boy and also did not want to give reason behind his vote at first. He showed the symptoms of an introvert person. Later on when he connected the evidence with his own experience and when he was offended by having a background that was born in a slum, he changed his vote to not guilty. 2.6 Juror#6- Simple When we come to Juror#6, we can know that he was a simple man. When it was his time to give his opinion on the cause of voting guilty he simply said there was a motive like every murder case and the picture presented in the court makes it obvious that the boy killed his father, he could not argue with the fact Juror#8 brought in front of him then. He just agrees with the court decision. He never became hyper throughout the meeting; he tried to stop whenever people got into fight just like Juror#4. In the movie we could also see his feeling of responsibility towards the old man. 2.7 Juror#7- Irresponsible, Irrational We realized that Juror#7 was the most irresponsible and irrational. He wanted the discussion to finish as fast as possible so that he could go to watch a baseball match. To him, the life of a person was like a child play to him. He did not fulfill his responsibility as a jury which makes him low on conscientiousness. He related the boys past offences to judge him as guilty. 2.8 Juror#8- High in conscientiousness, Emotionally Stable Next, Juror#8 is the most important character in the story, because of him everybody started to think the case from a what if situation. He felt responsible for the boys life, he presented his opinion with logic, he thought about the reliability of the evidence presented in the court, he put a lot of effort to show the leaks in the evidences (e.g. the knife, the old man testimony about seeing the boy running down the stairs, women who saw the murder from a moving train). This proves he is high on conscientiousness. He was emotionally stable even though he was frequently questioned about his decision. Just once he lost temper for a bit because Juror#3 was not paying attention to his talk. 2.9 Juror#9- Old, Timid, Low Confidence Level The negative personalities can be detected through Juror#9. He is very old and afraid to voice out his thought. His confidence level is low as he does not have the strength to argue with the other juries who were younger than him. He was threatened by Juror#10. At a point of time he wished he was younger to voice out his argument. However, he is a very good observer. He was the second not guilty voter. He changed his vote when he saw Juror#8s view connects with his observation. His observing quality supported Juror#8s doubt about the evidences throughout. His decision making was based on intuition where he himself also not sure whether the story told by the defendant was true or not. He just thinks that they need to discuss further before sending the defendant for the execution. 2.10 Juror#10- Hyper, Emotionally Unstable The most emotional character was Juror#10 as he was the most hyper, emotionally unstable person in the group. He did not want to hear any argument that contradicts with his opinion about the boy, he shouted, yelled at those who thought the boy was not guilty. His judgment was discriminative. He referred the boy as trash, animals, drugged up person who do not care about peoples life and kill them without having any proper reason; he is just like other people who grow up in the slum. 2.11 Juror#11- Introvert In contrast to Juror#10, Juror#11 has an introvert personality. He was not noticeable at the beginning of the movie. During the time of voting he raised up his hand with some hesitation after seeing the majority were raising hands to vote as guilty. At first he observed Juror#8, Juror#9 and Juror#5s logic in voting not guilty then he changed his vote and started to share his opinion. He was open towards the facts presented by Juror#8, 9 and 10. Although he was calm all the way but when Juror#7 changed his vote to not guilty without giving any proper reason he burst out in anger seeing that childishness over a serious matter. This also shows that Juror#11 is conscientious. 2.12 Juror#12- Extrovert Lastly, Juror#12 at the beginning tried to interact with other juries; it shows that he is an extrovert. But when the discussion started he did not expressed much, instead he was carried away with his own personal job. His agreeableness level was high. He did not have his own thinking or opinion on the case; he was easily distracted by the two parties (guilty and not guilty) in the discussion. When majority vote for guilty, then he raises his hand. He was unsure about his own decision. This decision making may be affected by his high agreeableness personalities that caused him to listen, or even follow others opinion without own judgment. 3.0Values Actually, values were developed from a belief that people hold in. Hence, value is defined as specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence. Normally, they contain a judgmental element in that they carry an individuals ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. We realize values are important in this movie because they contain jurors interpretations of right and wrong. We will classify and interpret the values found in each characters of 12 Angry Mens using Rokeach Value Survey which is consists of terminal values and instrumental values. 3.1 Juror#1-Equal Opportunity As we know, foreman should be fairer and stress on equality. Juror#1 is the foreman of the jury. He has terminal value of equality which is equal opportunity for all juries to vote. He is serious about his authoritative role and wants to be as fair as possible to everyone. He offers everyone an equal opportunity to vote and speak out their opinion whether the boy guilty or not guilty. He also has instrumental values of broad-minded. He is open-minded in listening and accepting every jurors opinion. For instance, he accepted the proposal of Juror#8 to have a round of secret vote. His broad-minded values also affected his decision making. He vote for guilty at first, but with the reasonable doubt with all the evidence, he shift to not guilty at last. His decision making was quiet rational and did not shift too often as what Juror#12 did. 3.2 Juror#2-Polite Juror#2 is a quiet man who is easily persuaded by the opinions of others and cannot explain the roots of his opinions. He has instrumental values of polite. He is trying to voice out his own opinion with polite way. His politeness can be seen through the discussion process where he kept one asking question in a polite manner and gain respect from other Jurors. 3.3 Juror#3- Capable, Courageous Now we move to another instrumental value, which are capable and courageous. Juror#3 has instrumental values of capable and courageous. He stands up for his belief that the boy is guilty based on the facts such as the switchblade used as the murder weapon and evidence from the witness. However, his strong belief on the defendant must guilty was also influenced by his bad relationship with his son who hit and left him, which thus lead him to be irrational in analyzing the reasonable doubt for those evidences and decisions made. 3.4 Juror#4-Logical, Broad-Minded Juror#4 has instrumental values of logical and broad-minded. He logically related his decision with the evidences. On the other hand, he is also able to listen to other juries opinion. He was convinced by Juror#9 that the witness across the road may not really see what is happening at the murder place. He tries to support his own decision by further analysis of the facts with logical ways. 3.5 Juror#5-Forgiving, Logical Next, we can find instrumental value of forgiving on Juror#5. Although he got offended when Juror#3 and Juror#10 criticizing him on his background, however he is still willing to forgive them. Witnessing knife fights and normal slum behaviour, he feels obligated to explain an experience that would later help the jurors vote not guilty. The ability to link his experience of knife fights and normal slum behaviour to this case whereby the defendant is also from slum shows that Juror#5 has instrumental value of intelligence in his thinking. 3.6 Juror#6-Respect, Loving Now let us move to Juror#6 who has terminal values of respect and instrumental values of loving. He respects Juror#9 which is the eldest among them. He tries to let Juror#9 has the chance to voice out his opinion. Juror#6 bravely stands up to Juror #3 when he speaks rudely to Juror #9, threatening to hit Juror #3 if he ever speaks to the old man like that again. 3.7 Juror#7-Pleasure, Cheerful Meanwhile, terminal values of pleasure and instrumental values of cheerful are clearly shown on Juror#7. He is a baseball fan. He bought two tickets to watch live baseball game on that particular day. During the break time of the discussion, everyone was tensed with how things going to be as a jury, but he still could talk with others cheerfully. 3.8 Juror#8-Logical, Responsible Juror#8 has instrumental values of logical and responsible. He does not believe the evidence that presented by lawyer. He analyzed evidence by using logic. For instance, he questioned on the old man who claimed himself had taken fifteen seconds from his bedroom to rush to his front door and gotten a look on the murderer. He does not simply make a decision that may destroy the boys life. He feels that as one of the Juror, he has the responsibility to make a right decision. This is clearly shown when he first voted not guilty because he wants further discussion and not to decide the defendants life just within five minutes without any further discussion. Majority were trying to give some pressure to the Juror#8 for his odd decision. But the pressure could not shake off his decision; he stood strong with his own decision which was affected by his values. 3.9 Juror#9-Intellectual, Logical Follow with Juror#9 who has instrumental values of intellectual and logical. Although he is the eldest among them still he paid a lot of attention during the trial and looked into detailed on every witness. He convinced Juror#4 on the reasonable doubt on the woman has deep marks on her nose, which means she is wearing spectacles and might not be able to see clearly on the murder case that happened across the road with train passed by and just got up from bed which is not putting on her spectacles. This shows how he used his intelligence and observance in daily life in this case. 3.10 Juror#10-Courageous Next, Juror#10 has instrumental value of courageous. He is standing up for his belief that with the background of the boy comes from, which is born in a slum, the boy must be guilty. This has become his prejudice which caused him fail to think and decide rationally on whether the boy is guilty or not. Besides that, Juror#10 also has terminal value of self-respect. He holds very high esteem not to be someone from the slums. Juror#10s decision making was affected by his perceptions towards the background of the defendant which occurred from his self-esteem values that want to be differentiated from people of that background. 3.11 Juror#11-Responsible Instrumental value of responsible can be found on Juror#11. He felt the responsibility being juror to give the correct judgment on the defendant and believe in justice. Besides that, Juror#11 also has instrumental value of logical. He is observant with the facts and changed his vote to not guilty due to the doubt on whether the defendant would have reasonably fled the scene and come back three hours later to retrieve his knife. His decision is based on logical thinking about how a normal people might act after committing a murder. 3.12 Juror#12-An Exciting Life Lastly, Juror#12 has terminal value of having an exciting life. He involves actively in social activities and his work. However, this has caused him often distracted during the discussion of the jury. 4.0 Attitude Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. Attitudes give warnings of potential problems and influence behavior. Attitudes have three components which are cognitive (evaluation), affective (feeling), and behavioral (action). In this movie, most of the jurors have a positive attitude that the boy is guilty. They believe that the evidences are solid, which is the cognitive component for their attitude. Following with this, the affective component of their behaviour were set up whereby they feel the boy is guilty. Subsequently, it affected their behaviour component and they voted the boy is guilty. Conversely, Juror#8 has a different attitude compared to other Juries. He thinks there are a lot of reasonable doubts in the evidences yet no one questioned the validity of those evidences in the court. This has become the cognitive component for his negative attitude towards the boy is guilty. He feels that the boy might not be guilty, which is the affective component of his attitude. Because of this, he voted the boy as not guilty and wants to have a discussion with other jurors on the evidences. 5.0 Emotion and Mood After discussing the personality and values depicted by the 12 Angry Men, emotion and moods are two other important variables that affect decision making process. Actually, emotions are intense feelings directed at someone or something while moods are less intense feelings than emotions and often lack a contextual stimulus. In addition, emotions are reactions to a person or an event but moods usually are not directed at a person or an event (Robbins, S.P. Judge, T.A. (2013) Organizational Behavior). In 12 Angry Men movie, decisions making of 12 juries whether that young boy guilty or not guilty are always affected by their emotions and moods. Thus, having a stable emotion is necessary for them to make a rational decision. 5.1 Juror#1- Mood: Neutral to Bad; Emotion: Frustration Juror#1 is the foreman of the jury and he shows his leadership at first and neutral mood. However, he gets frustrated when other jurors questioned his leadership. He wants to be as fair as possible and try to maintain a relaxed and calm mood when discussion is going on. Luckily, he was able to regulate back his emotion to normal state and facilitate the discussion at the mid. 5.2 Juror#2- Mood: Anxious; Emotion: Nervous On the other hand, Juror#2 is a quiet and the most timid guy in the group. Having his first time to deliberate in such jury case made him anxious and fear to voice out his opinion. He was easily persuaded by other jurors due to his lack of self confidence. Besides, he also failed to explain the roots of his opinion that grounded his decision at the beginning. However, his courage to voice out his opinion has been mounting as the discussion goes further. 5.3 Juror#3- Mood: Bad; Emotion: Angry Let us move to the main antagonist of the movie, Juror#3. Juror#3 is a person who quick to lose his temper. His was having a bad mood since the beginning when he complains on the lawyers talked for so long even on such an obvious case. He gets angry when Juror#8 and other members disagree with his opinions, and his anger becomes stronger when other jurors change their vote from guilty to not guilty. He believes that the defendant is absolutely guilty until the very end of the play. His emotion gets affected in this case because he has poor relationship with his own son, which causes him to have biased views. Being in angry emotion and biased views has caused him irrational in making decision on guilty and not guilty for the defendant until the very end of the movie. His decision making was based on his own experience that does not related much to the trial. 5.4 Juror#4- Mood: Neutral; Emotion: Calm We realize that Juror#4 is a logical and well-spoken stockbroker. Being rational while maintaining his calm mood allowed him to have the most stable emotion throughout the discussion and able to discuss and make decisions rationally. For instance, he urges fellow jurors to avoid emotional arguments and engage in rational discussion. When one of the jurors says this is not an exact science, he does not take into account the feelings, the passions and the characters of the people involved in the case. Other than that, most of the jurors mood has been affected and they got frustrated easily as they were staying in a no air-conditioned room in a hot sunny day. Yet, under this hot environment, he is the only juror that does not take his jacket off and always adapt for logical thinking and able to make reasonable decision. 5.5 Juror#5- Mood: Anxious to Neutral; Emotion: Nervous Next, Juror#5 has an anxious mood when expressing his opinion especially in front of the elder members of the group. He is under emotional stress because of having the same background with the boy which is growing up in the slums. This appears one of the main reasons for him voting guilty at first because he does not want compassion to influence his decision. However as the trial goes on he is able to gain more confident to voice out his opinion and sharing his experience on knife fights and normal slum behaviour that convinced other jurors there is reasonable doubt on the evidences. This makes him emotionally more stable and his mood also back to neutral. Juror#5s decision was affected by his emotion whereby at first he passes his chance to give reason why he voted guilty for the trial which maybe feeling of ashamed for having the same background with the defendant that is living in slum, uneducated and bad environmental where knife fighting was just a common phenomena. 5.6 Juror#6- Mood: A little tensed; Emotion: Calm Juror#6 is a regular employee that has high agreeableness to others. He has little tense mood because of everyone in the room is better qualified than him in making decisions and offering explanations and opinions. However he has a stable emotion that enables him to see the good in others. 5.7 Juror#7- Mood: Good to Bad; Emotion: Frustration Juror#7 is the only one that really has no opinion on this case. This can be shown by when he follows others suggestion and changes his vote easily just because he wants to go back home early. One of the sources of emotions and mood which is social activities has influenced his mood throughout the discussion. He felt happy at the beginning as he could go to watch live baseball game. However, his mood turned down and get frustrated when the discussion takes longer. His emotion and decision making was distracted by the baseball game as he wanted to speed things up a bit so he can be out of the jury room as soon as possible to enjoy his baseball game. 5.8 Juror#8- Mood: Neutral to Good; Emotion: Determined and Calm In contrast to Juror#7, Juror#8 stands firm on his decision grounded with his reasonable doubt on the evidences. Juror#8 is a caring man and he feels the responsibility to care about the boys life. Maintaining a stable emotion enables Juror#8 have a logical mind and able to make a rational decision. He has put more thoughts into the case than any other jurors which make him able to prove and explain the situation in different ways to persuade other jurors change their vote. For example, he bought the same knife used as murder weapon that is not ordinary and tried to prove the reasonable doubts on those witnesses such as the old man who drags one foot when he walks because of stroke, able to rush to the front door from his bedroom which is quite distance away in fifteen seconds and managed to look on the murderer. Juror#8 also has high emotional intelligence in this movie that he always shows the right feeling and knows how to control his own emotion even every other juror has voted g uilty but he is the only one to vote not guilty at the first. Besides that, Juror#8 urges others to be patience with the discussion and contemplate the details of the case. 5.9 Juror#9- Mood: Neutral; Emotion: Calm Next, Juror#9 is a wise old man with his great life experience and he has quite a unique way of looking at this case. His calm and relaxed mood allows him to think logically and be a good observer. He is the first one who realizes the woman, who testified that she saw the murder, had deep marks on the side of her nose and it means she wears glasses. This has put on reasonable doubt that the woman who just got out from bed may not wearing glasses, and thus it is likely for her not able to see clearly the murder across the road. He has high positive mood which is alert. For instance, he is the first to openly recognize Juror#10s racist attitude, stating that What this man says is very dangerous. 5.10 Juror#10- Mood: Bad; Emotion: Angry Let us proceed to Juror#10. Juror#10 is the most horrifying character in this movie. He tries to force his opinion of guilty to other jurors and gets angry easily when other jurors opinion is not same with him. He votes guilty and does not even try to hide the fact that he does so because of the boys social background. He has a strong stereotyping attitude and this stopped him to think rationally and voted the boy guilty just because of the boys background. This has lead to other jurors turning their back on him near the end of the movie after his outburst that shows his prejudice on the defendant. 5.11 Juror#11- Mood: Neutral; Emotion: Calm When we come to Juror#11, we know that he is an immigrant watchmaker. He believes in justice and feels he is responsible to make the correct judgment for the case. He tries to keep himself calm and relaxed throughout the discussion. This stable emotion allows him able to look at both sides of the problem. However, Juror#11 lost his temper once when he was horrified by juror#7 who voted not guilty just because want to make the trial ends as soon as possible. 5.12 Juror#12- Mood: Anxious; Emotion: Nervous Eventually, Juror#12 is an arrogant and impatient advertising executive. He has an anxious mood for the discussion to be over so that he can get back to his career and his social life. His decision gets affected by his nervous mood. This can be shown by when he change his vote easily just to follow majority and do not have his own opinion. 6.0 Other Variables That Affects Decision Making Process 6.1 Hot Environment Besides the abovementioned variables like personality, values, attitudes, emotions and moods, external factor do affect the decision making process also. One of the most prominent external factors is the environment for the discussion room. When all the jurors entered the discussion room, they found that the room was hot due to the breakdown of the air-conditioner. As a result, all the jurors just kept on finding ways to make the rooms more ventilated instead of seeking for discussion. So, the morale of all jurors has been lowered down by the hot and non-conducive environment and affects the discussion process. Definitely, they would just hope that the discussion may be ended up quickly and this drives them to make illogical decision. 6.2 Stereotype Next, the shortcut of stereotyping people used by the eleven jurors except Juror #8 in judging the suspected murderer will affect the decision making process too. Juror #3 has related his son with the suspected murder attitude. In fact, the Juror#3 did not get along with the suspected murderer attitude. He said that How kids are nowadays. He mentioned that he had a bad relationship with his son after his son hit him. Following his bad experiences, Juror#3 perceived that all teenagers were rebellious and will attack his own father. So, his stereotyping attitude has affected his decision making process and made him stressing that The boy is guilty. Another prominent stereotyping judgment can be discovered through the accusation of Juror#10 that the boy was deemed to be guilty was due to his family background. He cited that the suspected murders slum background as the evidence for him to kill his father. Undoubtedly, this stereotyping attitude will affect their decision making especiall y Juror#3 and Juror#5 and vote the boy to be guilty. 6.3 Bounded Rationality and positive Intuition Apart from those discussed variables, Juror#8 has exhibited the positive elements in making rational decision. The positive elements are bounded rationality and positive intuition. Juror#8 has constructed simplified models model that extract the essential features from problems without capturing the complexities. For example, Juror#8 has questioned about the validity of the old mans testimonial. Hence, he extracted the essential features that Can the old man who had suffered a stroke and could only walk slowly, gotten to the door to see the suspected murderer ran to the downstairs in fifteen second? in a clear manner. Furthermore, the Juror#8 also has portrayed positive intuition that mentioned that he felt the boy will not kill his father and there is a doubt about the validity of the witnesss testimonial. He once told other Juror You dont believe the boy, then why you believe the women? 6.4 Overconfidence bias However, there are several decision biases and errors happened throughout the hot discussion among those 12 angry Jurors. The first common bias shown by majority of Jurors except 8th Juror is overconfidence bias. This can be evidence through the opening of the scene where majority of the Jurors were complaining and presuming the obvious guilt of the suspected murderer. Most of them were overconfidence that the defendant had definitely killed his father. Besides that, when there was a new doubt arose like switchable knife that was not as unique as the Juror mention, most of them just upset that they were still arguing the facts and cannot go home. Hence, their overconfidence about defendant was the murderer causes them could not have a rational discussion and develop reasonable doubt. Luckily, there was 8th Juror tried to lead the team to the rational path. 6.5 Anchoring Bias Furthermore, we can detect numerals biases rooted in the mind of the Juror#3. Fro

Use of Rhetoric in Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry G

On July 8th 1741, Jonathan Edwards preached the sermon â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God† in Enfield, Connecticut. Edwards states to his listeners that God does not lack in power, and that people have yet not fallen to destruction because his mercy. God is so forgiving that he gives his people an opportunity to repent and change their ways before it was too late. Edwards urges that the possibility of damnation is immanent. Also that it urgently requires the considerations of the sinner before time runs out. He does not only preach about the ways that make God so omnipotent, but the ways that he is more superior to us. In his sermon, Edwards uses strong, powerful, and influential words to clearly point out his message that we must amend our ways or else destruction invincible. Edwards appeals to the spectators though the various usages of rhetorical devices. This includes diction, imagery, language/tone and syntax. Through the use of these rhetoric devices, Edwardsâ₠¬Ëœs purpose is to remind the speculators that life is given by God and so they must live according to him. This include...

Linguistic imperialism Essay

Linguistic imperialism can be defined as the enforcement or imposition of one language onto another; it tends to be a key tool of the colonialist seeking to mend the ‘backward’ societies that they find, generally to their own purpose. Thus, writers such as Friel and Achebe have sought to rectify the still ever present colonialist perceptions of the west by attacking the use of language in their societies, for example, Hiberno-English in Translations. Furthermore, it is necessary to analyse the form and structure of the primary texts, for instance, how Achebe and Friel both manage to structure their texts in such a way that it gives a distinctly ‘foreign’ aesthetic, whilst still creating a subtly intelligent and critical narrative. Also, it is important to look at the literary techniques and devices that are used within Translations and Things Fall Apart, for example, dramatic irony (e. g. the reference to the potato famine in Translations) or symbols like Mr. Brown in Things Fall Apart, who represent a could-have-been harmonious presence between two vastly different cultures. In addition, it is necessary to contrast and compare the primary texts with secondary texts such as Ngugi wa Thiong’o’s ‘The Language of African Literature’, and analyse how relevant or constructive Things Fall Apart and Translations are in their underlying criticism of linguistic imperialism. Overall, it is a crucial to explore these various threads of investigation to come to an overall conclusion in terms of how Friel and Achebe present the issue of linguistic imperialism and how successful they are. George Steiner, in After Babel, writes that â€Å"Translation exists because men speak different languages† (1998, p. 51). He goes on to question it, by asking â€Å"Why should human beings speak thousands of different, mutually incomprehensible tongues? † (1998, p. 51), that homo sapiens are basically biologically the same; why have we not evolved to speak one common language? Steiner’s study of language and communication concludes that with the death of a language comes the dissolution of cultures and identities: â€Å"Each takes with it a storehouse of consciousness† (1998, p.56). This was of consequential influence to Brian Friel and Translations, notable throughout the play. For instance, the various ways in which Friel portrays translation – the cartographers; Owen’s â€Å"not-completely-correct† translation of Lancey; Maire and Yolland’s romantic tryst and so forth – create the notion that the English language is not compatible with Irish culture. This is an overarching idea that reaches its crescendo with the Donnelly twins, Friel’s representation of the Provision IRA within the play i. e. the violent end of Yolland, inferred by the actions of the Donnelly twins, is an echo of 1980s era conflicts. These conflicts were created by tensions still remaining today, by Protestants and Catholics in Northern Ireland; the Catholics calling for the reunification of Ireland, and Protestants wishing to remain separated – realistically, these tensions would have not necessarily existed had there been no British colonising of Ireland, and Translations has been identified as echoing Friel’s political interest in the matters. The reader or audience of Translations are bound by Friel to a highly complex idea of translation and the place of language in a culture; similarly, we are made aware of this in Things Fall Apart. One of the most accessible passages that exemplify this goes as follows: â€Å"When they had all gathered the white man began to speak to them. He spoke through an interpreter who was an Ibo man, though his dialect was different and harsh to the ears of Mbanta. Many people laughed at his dialect and the way he used words strangely. Instead of saying ‘myself’ he always said ‘my buttocks’. † (Things Fall Apart, p. 136) Subtly, Achebe feeds the reader linguistic perspective alien to most Western culture – that Africa was not, and is not, a land full of savages who cannot communicate as well as the Europeans, and instead a variety of different tongues that is not necessarily exactly recognisable from one clan to another. In regards to Translations, Friel has been left relatively unscathed by those in Ireland who may have felt abandoned by Friel’s artistic decision to employ Hiberno-English as opposed to contemporary Gaelic, whilst both authors have clearly chosen English as a medium to address linguistic imperialism (using the tool of colonialism against the colonialists). Achebe has been highly criticised for writing in English. Ngugi wa Thiong’o criticised African authors who chose English over their native tongue to write in. He asked â€Å"How did we arrive at this acceptance of ‘the fatalistic logic of the unassailable position of English in our literature’, in our culture, and in our politics?†¦ † (1995, p. 287) Thiong’o goes on to say that as the bullet is to physical subjugation, â€Å"language was the means of spiritual subjugation† (1995, p. 287). To understand Thiong’o’s logic, the reader needs to take into context a passage further on in the essay, which refers to his experiences at a colonial school and the use of his mother tongue, Gikuyu: â€Å"Thus one of the most humiliating experiences was to be caught speaking Gikuyu in the vicinity of the school. The culprit was given corporal punishment – three to five strokes of the cane on bare buttocks – or was made to carry a metal plate around the neck with inscriptions such as I AM STUPID or I AM A DONKEY †¦ † (1995, p. 288) Thiong’o is asserting that the use of English was imposed upon many of the African tribes and with it the enforcement of superiority and supposed civilisation†¦ to use Gikuyu was to be made to feel inferior and stupid, and to speak English fluently would be the height of education achievement. A further statement by Thiong’o states â€Å"Literary education was now determined by the dominant language while also reinforcing that dominance. Orature in Kenyan languages stopped. † (1995, p. 288). The loss of such orature and its replacement by the English written word was heavily destructive, according to Thiong’o – he concludes the essay be acknowledging that human society and culture is formed by the interactions and communication of people, that complex systems of ethics and experience, these systems creating one distinctive society from another. If the means of communication that has developed such a community is, like Tobair Vree in Translations â€Å"something is being eroded† (p. 53), or destroyed, then, much like Steiner, that society is lost. To Thiong’o, Achebe’s use of English over his native tongue is, rather than delicate manipulation for the anti-colonialist purpose, actually conducive in destroying that particular culture forever. However, despite Thiong’o’s clear dissatisfaction at Achebe’s use of the English language as a general point, this point could be considered moot. Early on in the essay, Thiong’o quotes Achebe as saying: â€Å"Is it right that a man should abandon his mother tongue for someone else’s? IT looks like a dreadful betrayal and produces a guilty feeling. But for me there is no other choice. I have been given the language and intend to use it. † (1995, p. 285 citing 1975, p. 62) This is evident in the careful construction and consideration of Things Fall Apart. Achebe has written a novel in which the reader could easily imagine themselves around a blazing fire with an elder of a Nigerian clan, with the story being meticulously recited to them. The rhythm of the novel is manipulated in such a way that it becomes less like an English-written novel and more a native piece of orature. For example, Achebe makes good use of drums in the novel, to create the rhythm of the traditional narrative: â€Å"Just then the distant beating of drums began to reach them†¦ the drums beat the unmistakable wrestling dance – quick, light and gay, and it came floating on the wind. † (Things Fall Apart, p. 41) A further use of language to create an ‘African English’ is the utilisation of proverbs, which play a central part in emphasising the Ibo culture, as â€Å"proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten†. In addition, Achebe ‘peppers’ Things Fall Apart with Ibo words – this digression is an act of defiance to the colonists who felt they could just translate Ibo culture (religion, education and so forth). By this, Achebe means to illustrate the barriers of translation, in that there is no suitable word for, as an example, ogbanje, â€Å"one of those wicked children who, when they died, entered their mother’s womb to be born again†. Similarly, Achebe’s conquest to turn the Colonialist’s language back in on itself, Achebe wrote an essay called ‘An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad’s Heart of Darkness’. Achebe analyses Western views of Africa (such as those of â€Å"that erudite British Historian Regius Professor of Oxford, Hugh Trevor Roper† (Achebe, 1961)) in stinging rhetoric which delivers the idea of that prolific early ‘anti-colonialist’ novelists like Conrad were, maybe unwittingly, racist in themselves. Achebe writes: â€Å"Conrad was born in 1857†¦ it was certainly not his fault that he lived†¦ [in a] time when the reputation of the black man was at a particularly low level. But†¦ there remains still in Conrad’s attitude a residue of antipathy to black people†¦ Certainly, Conrad had a problem with niggers. His inordinate love of that word itself should be of interest to psychoanalysts. Sometimes his fixation on blackness is equally interesting as when he gives us this brief description [of a black person]: A black figure stood up, strong long black legs, waving long black arms†¦ as though we might expect them to†¦ wave white arms! † (Achebe, 1961) In this short except, it is noticeable how Achebe associates Conrad’s conduplicatio of ‘black’ as sinister, and potentially in itself, a form of linguistic imperialism – in this, it is the fact that the word black (and nigger) has previously been held to have negative connotations or was created for a negative purpose, but both create a â€Å"‘reputation of the black man†¦ at a particularly low level† (Achebe, 1961). Achebe also goes on to say that these psychoanalysts who have already written at length about Conrad fail to recognise his attitude to black people, even in discussion over anti-Semitic values, â€Å"which only leads one to surmise that Western psychoanalysts must regard the kind of racism displayed by Conrad as absolutely normal† (Achebe, 1961) and that this same book of â€Å"vulgar fashion prejudices insults from which a section of mankind has suffered untold agonies† (Achebe, 1961) has been â€Å"described by a serious scholar as ‘among the half dozen greatest short novels in the English language† (Achebe, 1961). From this, the audience of this essay can understand that Achebe, in as short a summary as possible, suggests that one of the most famous – or in this case infamous – novellas to be written on the subject of Africa by a European stranger epitomises how the English language has been used as Thiong’o’s subjugation of the soul – even if Conrad’s intentions in writing it were not consciously racist, in trying to purvey a certain message he colonised the African peoples by associating them with pejoratives and otherwise negative descriptors. Friel and Achebe are both influential authors for similar reasons; they attack subversive, modern perceptions of ‘lost’ worlds that have in recent years movements like African National Congress in South Africa and the IRA in Ireland sought to revert nation-states to their ‘natural’, pre-colonial state. In this, they have both similar and not so similar approaches to literature, and have incorporated techniques to manipulate ideas incorporated in their book. For example, both authors make use of particular styles of writing to mimic the native language whilst writing in the colonial language (i.  e. English). In Friel’s case, this is Hiberno-English, which is a form of Irish that retains its Gaelic lexical structure whilst being spoken in English, for instance, when Doalty says to Manus â€Å"Hi, Manus, there’s two bucks down the road there asking for you† (Translations, p. 46) – in strict grammatical terms, Doalty’s syntax does not make sense in proper English, demonstrating inherent intimacy and deitis. Friel is applying the idea of Continual Presence of Gaelic to the English language. This application is also a theatrical device – or conceit – whereby Hugh is usually portrayed with an English accent, as he does not use Hiberno-English. Similarly, Achebe put simply, â€Å"both in vocabulary and sentence structure, he opts for the straightforward instead of the obtuse† (Easthope, 1988) and in doing so imitates traditional Ibo storytelling. Another literary device used by Friel and Achebe in their respective texts is their use of symbolism. In Things Fall Apart, Achebe uses locusts to symbolise the invading colonialists: â€Å"And then the locusts came†¦ the elders said locusts came once in a generation, reappeared every year for seven years and then disappeared for another lifetime. They went back to their caves in a distant land, where they were guarded by a race of stunted men. † (Things Fall Apart, p. 51) The above quote inferences that the locusts are the colonialists, by Achebe carefully alluding to the ‘race of stunted men’ that lives in a ‘distant land’. Achebe goes on: â€Å"Then quite suddenly a shadow fell on the world†¦ At first, a fairly small swarm came. They were harbingers sent to survey the land. And then appeared on the horizon a slowly moving mass like a boundless sheet of black cloud drifting towards Umuofia. † (Things Fall Apart, p. 52) In this, Achebe’s symbolism is clear – those like Mr. Brown and initial missionaries were assigned only to convert those ‘African savages’ into morally correct Christians, and to some extent allowed their cultures to live as congruently as possible. It is only with the materialisation of the District Commissioner who declares the Ibo people to be â€Å"in the dominion of our queen, the most powerful ruler in the world† that this comes to a head. Achebe foreshadows the ‘jumping ship’ of characters like Nwoye, by referencing the consumption of the locusts – such members of the community have consumed the colonialist culture, in all its forms, including language. Unlike Achebe’s extended metaphor of the locusts, Friel uses a passing, but nonetheless poignant, subtle symbolic reference to the potato famine. Bridget proclaims â€Å"†They say that’s the way it snakes in, don’t they? First they smell; and then one morning the stalks are all black and limp† (Translations, p. 18) with Maire exclaiming: â€Å"Sweet smell! Sweet smell! Every year at this time somebody comes back with stories of the sweet smell. Sweet God, did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag?†¦ There was never a blight here†¦ but we’re all sniffing about for†¦ a disaster. † (Translations, p. 18) This is symbolic of the rotting Irish culture, and failing language as contextually the potato was the staple foodstuff. The potato famine was not only symbolic, but also highly ironic – when Maire says â€Å"did the potatoes ever fail in Baile Beag? † the audience knows fully well that they would. This device, more specifically referred to as ‘dramatic irony’, is used often by Friel in Translations, and serves to foreshadow eventual destruction too. Another use of it is Hugh’s recital of The Aeneid: â€Å"†¦ Such was – such was the course – such was the course ordained – ordained by fate †¦ What the hell’s wrong with me? Sure I know it back ways, I’ll begin again. Urbs antiqua fuit†¦ † (Translations, pp. 90-91) This is doubly ironic, as on the one hand, Hugh cannot seem to fully remember it – Latin and Greek are often referenced throughout the play by Jimmy Jack and Hugh, both of them themselves being dead languages and cultures. Perhaps in further reference to After Babel by George Steiner, the fact that Hugh cannot remember it is a reflection of Gaelic – even intelligent scholars like him will eventually lose a tongue they have worked so hard to protect. A further projection of irony in Hugh’s recital is the content of Virgil’s The Aeneid. The Aeneid is a parallel between the destruction of Carthage, a city on the North African coast, by the Romans and the destruction of Baile Beag by the English. What is highly ironic about The Aeneid, and almost makes this piece of dramatic irony self-parodying, is that The Aeneid was written in the language of those that destroyed Carthage (the Romans). Again, irony is quite prevalent in Things Fall Apart with the most pertinent example falling, like Translations, at the end of the novel. This is the District Commissioner’s reaction to Okonkwo’s suicide: â€Å"Everyday brought him new material. The story of this man who had killed a messenger and hanged himself would make interesting reading. One could almost write a whole chapter on him. Perhaps not a whole chapter but a reasonable paragraph, at any rate. † (Things Fall Apart, p. 197) This is ironic because after the lengthy and tumultuous tale of Okonkwo and his struggles to not be like his father, the complex hierarchy of elders and the intricacy of Okonkwo and his struggles to not be like his father, the complex hierarchy of elders and the intricacy of their traditions and religion, the District Commissioner feels it can only ‘almost’ be written about in one chapter, and designates to only a paragraph. This is highly representative of the failure of the white man to ‘translate’ the Ibo culture and ability into being a highly complex culture, and instead treats the colonisation of the Ibo people as â€Å"The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger† (Things Fall Apart, p. 197). In conclusion, both Achebe and Friel carefully construct stories using literary devices that serve to recreate their personal heritage of a realistic and pitiful community who fall victim to unrepentant imperialism. In this, they have been able to repudiate colonial superiority in particular in regards to language and colonial ideas of ‘progression’. Whilst both portray three dimensional characters in that they are atomistic – for example, in Translations, Hugh’s view of the English is different to Owen’s which is in turn separate from Manus’s – and provides a highly explorative analysis of linguistic imperialism and its effect on individuals and the community. To summarise, all of the text referred to in this essay, in their own ways, are deeply critical of the effects of linguistic imperialism, particularly in the context of colonialism and so-called ‘progression’.